Research methodology:
-*-Bibliography e-books :
-Methodology :methodology is our study and in the same time it is our daily life.(a way of thinking)
-Learning strategies/cognition (know).
-****gognition (know how to know).
-Parameters of research .
-Approaches of research.
-Qualitive research.
-Quantitive research.

-Summerizing :
-*- It is a basic reading teachnique…thus it is an important skill.
-Synthesizing :
It is an advanced reading teachnique which means put to gether…
(you will deal with the hole definitions in details and some practices)
-then you will deal with the diffrences and similarities between both of them.

Plagiarism :
-It is when you adapt some data from a particular source,then you assign it to yourself..let’s say it it a kind of stealing.

Doen’t worry you will deal with your lectures in details and with your teacher ‘s explanation.










-Now we move to ESP :
-ESP :means English for Speceific Purpose.
-Concerning this module you will deal with science.

1/what is science ?
-It is a process of a continuing investigation that uses: observation,hypothesis,experiment,measuring..

2/How old science is?
-From the existence of the human being (the stone-age).
-Here what the scientists argued about the development of science..so follow plz..

-a- James Frazer:
-He developed a theoretical frame,he has argued that in history we progress through various stages:
-1-The age of magic:no logical explanation.
-2-The age of religion
-3-The age of pure science

-b-Augest Comte:
-The scientific knowledge has evolved as a result of the historical development of the human brain..which has under gone under 3 stages:
-1-The theoretical stage
-2-Mythaphysical: behind the nature, non real world
-3-Scientific: purely science, how the human mind developed.
-4-Positive: real and logical reason things.

3/How does science work?
a)The observation.
b)Asking question.
c)Construct hypothesis.
d)Testing hypothesis.
e) Assemble your results.
f) Try again.
( not forgetting to be objective)




1
4/What doesn’t science do?
1. It can’t improve something methapysical.
2. It can’t deal with the supernatural phenomenon.
3. It can’t tell about the existence of god.
4. Doesn’t make the visual judgement.
5. Doesn’t tell whether this is evil or good






















2
Linguistics :
-Syllabus :
1. The history of linguistics.
2. Grammatical tradition-the rise of universal grammar.
3. The rise of the comparative method.
4. The phylosophycal & psychological appraoch.
5. The rise of the structuralism (De Saussure 1857-1913) ( in here you have to focus well because it is very complicated)
6. The prague school
7. Edward Spin (1987-1945)
8. Leonard Bloom FIELD.
9. Noam Chomesky and linguistics.
10. Generative grammar.
11. Functional linguistics.
12. Pragmatics – sociolinguistics- discours analysis.

-Do not be confused …you will deal with this in details
Linguistics ( follow up…) –
Linguistics ( the common definition )
? Why studying linguistics :
.******** may change or disappear-
.The role of linguistics is to find solutions of ******** ‘s problems –
..Traditional approach of ******** study (methods , procedures…)-
.The study of ******** was connected to : logic,phylosophy,religion *-
.Early development in linguistics was considered as a part of ( biology , religion , rhetoric ,phylosophy…)-
. :Grammatical traditions*
.The case of the old Babilorian tradition , this ******** was changed by Akkadian , this grammatical emerged 1900 BC and the latest 2500 years *
.The case of the hindu-tradition text and it was changing *
.The case of the greek tradition*
.Panini* (scientist) he wrote the the sunscrit ********






Lexical semantics
:small introduction
In order to study a ********, we have two aspects to deal with
The first one is ******** in form, and the second one is ******** in context.
******** in form
it is the study of ********‘s structure or grammar , this focuses on the system of rules followed by the speaker of this ******** It encompasses morphology , phonology,S…
******** in context
It is concerned with how ******** s employ the logical structures and real words references to convey a process and assign meaning . This subfield encompasses :

:Pragmatics how meaning inferred from context.
:Semanticshow meaning is inferred from words and contexts.

:Lexical semantics is a linguistic theory that investigates how and what word ‘s meaning denotes , it understands that the meaning of a word is fully reflected by the context .
:The unit the unit of meaning in lexical semantics , is also called lexical item , entry.
: Some terms used in lexical semantics

The entire store item in a ******** is called: lexis.
:Concept it is an abstract idea , or a mental symbol, defined as a unit of a knowledge. Philosophers considered the concept to be a fundamental and ontological one. ( it means, it is used only for human)

:Sentence it is a field of linguistics , it is an expression in a natural ******** and often defined ti indicate a grammatical unit , consisting of one or more words that precede.

:Syntax in linguistics ,in Greek , means arrangement .It is the study of principles and rules for contracting a sentence in ********




1
The second lesson :the semantic 's relations …

Do not forget replies
Semantic relations
:Synonymy
.They are different words with almost identical similar meaning
.Synonyms are called synonymy
They can be any part of speech for example
Noun vs .noun , verb vs verb , adv vs adv…
Student = pupil,buy = purchase,on = upon…
:Antonym
It is a lexical semantic opposite, they are words that lie in a inherently incompatible between two relationships, as in the opposite pairs: long # short, male # female…
: Hyponymy
It is a word or a phrase, whose semantic field is included with another word , its hyperpnoea sometimes are spelt hyponymy
: ex scarlet, vermilion, crimson, are all hypernyms of the color red
: Semantic field red, blacke …
:Category color

Meaning / referent
We have two classification ( word classes) (syntax) , decomposition , devides lexeme into different semantic features
Ex the king + male
+ power
- female
the cow boy rides the horse
Syntax true
Grammar true
Semantics true
:Now follow the next sentence
The horse rides the cow boy.
Syntax true
Grammar true
Semantics false

بارك الله فيك أختي
في ميزان حسناتك ان شاء الله
اللهم اجعلها صدقة جارية لك

BARAK ALLAH FIK 3ANDI 7BIBTI TE9RA ENGLAIS C'EST SURE YFIDOUHA
YA3TIK SAA7A

بالتوفيق ان شاء الله

في ميزان حسناتك اختي

MAYAR كتب:

BARAK ALLAH FIK 3ANDI 7BIBTI TE9RA ENGLAIS C'EST SURE YFIDOUHA
YA3TIK SAA7A

c sure yfidouha car ena rani nesta3mel fihoum

شكرا على تفاعلكم الرائع اي اشكال في اللغة الانجليزية راني هنا ان شاء الله

thank youuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu

Thank u So Much

salam ,, thanks 4 the information but just wanna ask if this is all what we learn in 2nd year or its just a summarize of methodology nd esp :: nd if someone got all the lessons of the 2nd year ill be thankful 4 him ; her  

بمان الانكليزية لغتي الاجنبية المفضلة يمكن احتاجهم